Engine valve

• Valves are used to control gas flow to and from cylinders in automotive internal combustion engines. The most common type of valve used is the poppet valve.
• The valve itself consists of a disc-shaped head having a stem extending from its centre at one side. The edge of the head on the side nearest the stem is accurately ground at an angle – usually 45 degrees, but sometimes 30 degrees, to form the seating face. 
• When the valve is closed, the face is pressed in contact with a similarly ground seat.

Phosphinates

Phosphinates

• The reaction of h-phosphinates and secondary phosphine oxides with amines and alcohols proceeds highly stereo specifically to give the corresponding coupling products with inversion of configuration at the phosphorus center under the atherton-todd reaction conditions.
•  This finding leads to the establishment of a general and efficient method for the synthesis of a variety of optically active organo phosphorus acid derivatives from the easily available chiral h-phosphinates and secondary phosphine oxides.
• Racemic acyl phosphinates and formyl phosphinate hydrate were used directly as the substrates in a proline derivative catalyzed cross aldol reaction with ketones.
•  Because of the preexisting the phosphorus stereogenic center, a mixture of two diastereomers of the     corresponding a-hydroxy phosphinates were obtained in this reaction.
•  Good to high enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) were obtained simultaneously for both of these two diastereomers in good yields.
•  Good diastereoselectivities were also obtained when the reaction  generates an additional carbon stereogenic centera-Hydroxyphosphinic acid

Phosphinates

Polylactic Acid coated Cups

Here is a way to solve an environmental diaster...
Make companies produce PLA Coated cups and stop making PE Coated cups
PolyLactic Acid starts as a corn kernel that is milled and separated into starch ,sugar and dextrose.
The dextrose is then fermented into lactic acid and converted to the lactide polymer, polylactic acid (a bio-plastic that requires 65% less energy to be produced and generates 68% fewer greenhouse gases than conventional plastics).

Dioxane

• 1,4-Dioxane, often called dioxane because the 1,2 and 1,3 isomers of dioxane are rare, is a heterocyclic organic compound. It is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. It is classified as an ether. 
• It is a volatile organic compound that has a moderate vapor pressure and has a specific gravity of 1.033. It is very mobile and only weakly retarded by sorption during transport.
• This colorless liquid is mainly used as a stabilizer for the solvent trichloroethane. It is an occasionally used solvent for a variety of practical applications as well as in the laboratory.
• Dioxane is produced by the acid-catalysed dehydration of diethylene glycol, which in turn arises from the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide.

Phenalakamine

Phenalakamine

• Phenalkamines are a distinct range of natural epoxy curing agents that provide very fast cure, even at low temperatures (<40 °F or 5 °C), with a good workable pot life.they have excellent resistance to moisture during cure, and offer good chemical resistance, and flexibility. 
• These unique properties make them an excellent choice for marine and offshore coatings, solvent-free industrial floor coatings, railcar and agricultural/construction equipment coatings, portable water coatings, and tank and pipe linings. they are also used for adhesive, automobile, and electrical potting applications.
• Phenalkamines are synthesized from CNSL (Cashew nutshell liquid). this viscous reddish brown coloured liquid is derived from the shell of cashew (Cashew Tree, Anacardium occidentale L). 
• Crude CNSL is one of the major sources of naturally occurring non-isoprenoid phenolic lipids such as anacardic acids, cardols, cardanols, methylcardols and polymeric materials. Royce International Corp. and Cardolite Corporation are major manufacturers of Phenalkamine Curing Agents.

Phosphite

Phosphite

• A phosphite is a salt of phosphorous acid. Phosphite is Highly Water Soluble, and when Applied to Plants is Quickly Absorbed by Leaves, Roots and Branches
• Once in Plants, it is extremely mobile, exhibiting "Symplastic ambimobility", meaning that it is uniquely able to move in both xylem and phloem
• Phosphites are extensively used as secondary antioxidants in manufacture of various polymers and synthetic rubbers to improve colour, processing, heat and UV stability.
• Use in plants :- Inorganic phosphites have been applied to crops to combat fungus-like pathogens of the order Oomycetes. 
• Phosphites are primarily used as Process Stabilizers to prevent the decomposition of polymers during processing. Indirectly they help in long-term stability of the polymer and minimize the extent of degradation of the polymer during processing.

Crown Ethers

                          

• A crown ether is a molecule containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms. Each oxygen atom is bound between two of the carbon atoms and arranged in a ring (hence "crown").
• Crown ethers are named as x-crown-y where x denotes the total number of atoms in the cyclic backbone and y denotes the number of oxygen atoms.
• Because of their strong binding ability, crown ethers are often added to reactions with ionic reagents, in which the reacting part is the anion. The cation is bound by the crown ether, which ensures solubility, while the anion, in the organic solvent, is practically free of solvation and thus very reactive.
• Crown ethers have been considered as a useful medium for isotope separation.

Glacial Acetic Acid

• Glacial acetic acid is a trivial name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid. Glacial acetic acid is anhydrous form of acetic acid in which it exists in dimmer form.
• It's known as Glacial because on freezing it forms needle shape crystals.
• Glacial acetic acid is a pure organic compound sold commercially as a 5% solution known as vinegar.
• Glacial acetic acid is used in many different products such as paint, varnish, lacquer and other related products.

Citrus Aurantium

• The name "bitter orange", also known as Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, and marmalade orange, refers to a citrus tree (Citrus × aurantium) and its fruit.
• The peel of bitter orange and bitter orange extract has been used in nutrition and to assist with fat loss and also to suppress appetitie.
• A typical recommended dosage of such products ranges from 100–150 mg two to three times daily.
• Potential uses for Citrus Aurantium :- Obesity, Fatigue/ Weakness,Gastrointestinal disorders, Anxiety Insomnia /sleep disorders, Anorexia, Dermatitis
• Citrus aurantium is also called as Neroli. It is a plant with green leaves and orange flowers and is well known for its oil. Neroli was essentially used as the main component in the manufacture of perfumes. 

PLA coated paper products

• PLA products were produced from renewable resources such as corn and sugarcane instead of petroleum, thus offsetting the United States’ need for foreign oil and reducing waste.
• Today, plastic is not the best material to use for any mass produced product because it is definitely not biodegradable. Paper products coated with PE/PET are friendlier to our environment than plastic.
• However, polymers that coat these paper products are still not as biodegradable as 100% pure PLA coated eco friendly paper products.
• PLA coated paper eco products can be repulped and made into basic raw materials likes tissue or kraft paper. PLA paper products are recyclable and re-usable.

Anisole

                         

• Anisole, or methoxybenzene, is the organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H5. It is a colorless liquid with a smell reminiscent of anise seed, and in fact many of its derivatives are found in natural and artificial fragrances.
• It is a straw-colored to colorless liquid with an agreeable spicy-sweet odor. It is used in perfumes, as a flavoring in food and in the manufacture of other chemicals.
• Anisole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction more quickly than does benzene, which in turn reacts more quickly than nitrobenzene.

Phosphatidylserine

• Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid found in all cells, but is most concentrated in brain cells.
• Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid nutrient found in fish, green leafy vegetables, soyabeans, and rice, and is essential for the normal functioning of neuronal cell membranes
• Benefits :- Helps stop atherosclerosis, Boosts cell membrane health (such as myelin sheaths), Improves athletic performance, Helps age-related memory loss, Increases focus and improves learning, Lowers levels of stress hormone. 
• Recommendations :- Pure Encapsulations recommends 3 capsules per day, in divided doses, with meals.
• Phosphatidylserine is currently being studied in the areas of exercise-induced stress and mood enhancement.

Manganese sulphate

• Manganese sulfate is one of the important trace element fertilizers can be used as base fertilizer, seed soaking, seed dressing, top dressing and foliar spray, can promote the growth of crops to increase production.
• Manganese(II) sulfate usually refers to the inorganic compound with the formula MnSO4(H2O). This pale pink deliquescent solid is a commercially significant manganese(II) salt.
• Approximately 260 thousand tonnes of manganese(II) sulfate were produced worldwide in 2005. It is the precursor to manganese metal and many other chemical compounds.

Phellinus Linteus

                                  

• Phellinus linteus(PL), a mushroom growing well on mulberry tree, is well know fungus of the genus phellinus in the family Hymenochaetaceae and has been used as a traditional herb medicine for years in oriental countries.
• PL is also called Sang Huang in Chinese medicine is a promising natural anti-cancer mushroom.
• P.Linteus extracts exhibit anti-tumor properties on skin, lung, breast and prostrate cancer cells.
• A Polysaccharide isolated from phellinus linteus has recently been reported to inhibit the development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.

Gymnema Sylvestre

• Gymnema sylvestre is an herb native to the tropical forests of southern and central India. Chewing the leaves suppresses the sensation of sweet. 
• This effect is attributed to the presence of the eponymously named gymnemic acids. G. sylvestre has been used in traditional medicine as a treatment for diabetes for nearly two millennia, but there is insufficient scientific evidence to draw definitive conclusions about its efficacy.
• Common names include miracle fruit, gymnema, cowplant, Australian cowplant, gurmari, gurmarbooti, gurmar, periploca of the woods, and meshasringa.

Maca

Maca

• Lepidium meyenii, known commonly as maca, is an herbaceous biennial plant or annual plant say a perennial plant native to the high andes of Peru and Bolivia. 
• It's also cultivated in some parts of Brazil. It is grown for its fleshy hypocotyl which is used as a root vegetable and a medicinal herbal.
• Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a root plant consumed as a food and for medicinal purposes.maca is also known as "Peruvian ginsen because it is used as a folk remedy to increase stamina, energy, and sexual function. Long used to enhance energy and boost stamina, maca is often touted as an aphrodisiac and a natural means of improving sexual performance and fertility. 

Chondroitin sulfate

• Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). 
• Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistance to compression.
• Chondroitin sulfate(CS) is extracted form the animal larynx bone, nose cartilage, trachea and other tissues containing cartilage, such as tendon and ligament. 
• Health Benefits of Chondroitin Sulfate in Human Nutrition 1. For joint pain 2. For pain and stiffness 3. For osteoarthritis and arthritis 4. For bone healing 5. For sprains and strains
• The only significant food source of chondroitin sulfate is animal cartilage.
• Our CS is the tiny white tasteless powder and can be used for the treatment of neuralgia, coronary heart disease, angina, and heart infarct, etc. It can also significantly lower the incidence and dath rate of coronary heart disease. 

Melilot

                  

• Melilotus, known as Melilot or Sweet-clover, is a genus in the family Fabaceae. Members are known as common grassland plants and as weeds of cultivated ground. Originally from Europe and Asia, it is now found worldwide.
• Sweet clover flowers are attractive to bees and butterflies. It has been used to improve forage production for livestock on low forage value sites.
• Melilotus species possess characteristics such as 1) colonize disturbed areas, 2) produce a large number of seeds, 3) produce extensive root systems and 4) fix nitrogen for their immediate use.
• Melilotus is often used as a green manure and turned into the soil to increase its nitrogen and organic matter content. It is especially valuable in heavy soils because of its deep rooting. 

creatine

Creatine

• Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to all cells in the body, primarily muscle. This is achieved by increasing the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 
• Creatine was identified in 1832 when Michel Eugène Chevreul discovered it as a component of skeletal muscle, which he later named after the Greek word for meat,(kreas). In solution, creatine is in equilibrium with creatinine.
• Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid (protein building block) that's found in meat and fish, and also made by the human body in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. It is converted into creatine phosphate or phosphocreatine and stored in the muscles, where it is used for energy.

Citrulline

• The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. 
• It is a key intermediate in the urea cycle, the pathway by which mammals excrete ammonia.
• Generally, foods rich in citrulline are those high in protein including eggs, meat, fish, legumes, milk products and watermelon rinds (small amount in the meat).
• The rind of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a good natural source of citrulline.
• Citrulline Health Benefits :- Citrulline is essential for maintaining the correct nitrogen level, It regulates important metabolic processes, It helps maintain the acid-base balance in the body.
• Therapeutic Dosages :-A typical dose of citrulline is 6–18 grams daily. It is commonly sold in the form of citrulline malate.

Piperonyl butoxide

• Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is an organic compound used as pesticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone.
• It does not by itself have pesticidal properties. However, when added to insecticide mixtures, typically pyrethrin, pyrethroid, and carbamate insecticides, their potency is increased considerably. It is a semisynthetic derivative of safrole.
• Piperonyl butoxide is a colorless to pale yellow liquid. It is practically insoluble in water and is stable to hydrolysis and ultraviolet irradiation. Researchers consider piperonyl butoxide to be noncorrosive.

Ornithine

 Ornithine

•  Ornithine is an amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. Ornithine is abnormally acumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
• L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen. 
• Ornithine is recycled and, in a manner, is a catalyst. First, ammonia is converted into carbamoyl phosphate (phosphate-CONH2), which creates one half of urea. 
• Ornithine is converted into a urea derivative at the d (terminal) nitrogen by carbamoyl phosphate. Another nitrogen is added from aspartate, producing the denitrogenated fumarate, and the resulting arginine (a guanidinium compound) is hydrolysed back to ornithine, producing urea.The nitrogens of urea come from the ammonia and aspartate, and the nitrogen in ornithine remains intact.

Squalene

                                                      

• Squalene is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though plant sources (primarily vegetable oils) are used as well, including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, and olives.
• Squalene has been proposed to be an important part of the Mediterranean diet as it may be a chemopreventative substance that protects people from cancer.
• Squalene oil is the most common fat and antioxidant produced in and on human skin. It is a natural moisturizer.
• Squalene is an excellent non-greasy moisturizer that instantly softens the skin and help prevent damage of cells.

Propolis

• Propolis is a resinous mixture that honey bees collect from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources.
• It is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive.
• Propolis is sticky at and above room temperature (20 °C). At lower temperatures, it becomes hard and very brittle.
• Propolis is also believed to promote heart health and strengthen the immune system
• Propolis is a natural brownish-green resinous product collected by honey bees. 
• Commercial uses :- In musical instruments, In food, Car wax 
• Medical Uses :- As an antimicrobial, As an emollient, As an immunomodulator, As a dental antiplaque agent, As an antitumor growth agent 
• Propolis according to research has shown to be effective against a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and molds. It has been shown to be a non-specific immunostimulant.

Polypropylene random copolymer (pprc) pipes

• PPR-C Pipe system are produced out of Polypropylene random copolymer referred to as Type III PPR-C (commonly known as PP-R).
• This raw material is obtained by cracking petroleum where by propane-monomer polymerizes with polypropylene co monomer to form Polypropylene random co polymer.
• Eurotech PPR-C pipe system is made up from VESTOLEN P9421 which is one of the best PPR-C raw materials over the world, VESTOLENE P9421 is approved for the production of pipes & fittings according to the DIN 8078 & DIN 16962 standards.

Bio-Based Isobutylene

Bio-Based Isobutylene

• Lanxess and the U.S.manufacturer of renewable chemicals companies are stepping up bio-Givaudan commercial production of isobutene, the two companies to develop a bio-isobutylene technology.
• Givaudan is responsible for fermentation of sugars from corn extract isobutanol, Lanxess is responsible for providing Divo dehydration of isobutanol to isobutene to refine.
• Lanxess is responsible for financial and business media relations Daniel - Alexander Smith (daniel-alexander smith) said: "As the company's shareholders and investors, Givaudan, Lanxess will produce bio-isobutylene rubber production for all the experimental results show , made use of biological isobutylene butyl rubber tire industry, in line with stringent performance parameters."Smith said, based on current expectations, the company produced bio-butyl rubber in 2015 tons.

Ceramide

              

• Ceramides (pronounced ser-A-mid OR seramide) are a family of lipid molecules. A ceramide is composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid. 
• Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of cells. They are one of the component lipids that make up sphingomyelin, one of the major lipids in the lipid bilayer. 
• The most well-known functions of ceramides as cellular signals include regulating the differentiation, proliferation, programmed cell death (PCD), and apoptosis (Type I PCD) of cells.
• Ceramides are formed as the key intermediates in the biosynthesis of all the complex sphingolipids, in which the terminal primary hydroxyl group is linked to carbohydrate, phosphate etc.

Bio-based 1,3 propanediol

Bio-based 1,3 propanediol

• Bio-based 1,3 propanediol (PDO) is a renewable product that meets—and often exceeds—the performance of petroleum-based ingredients.
• The family of renewable products based on our Bio-PDO™ process includes Susterra® propanediol for industrial applications such as deicing fluids and anti-freeze, and Zemea® propanediol for consumer applications such as cosmetics and personal care.
• 1,3-propanediol (PDO), which is manufactured either by a chemical process using petroleum feedstock or by a fermentation (bio-based) process using corn sugar. 
• DuPont's current bio-PDO capacity is around 45,000 t/a. The expansion is being driven by strong demand. Their corn-based bio-PDO is used as an ingredient ranging from cosmetics and personal care formulations to fluids and polymers including DuPont's Sorona® renewably sourced polymer. 

Bio-based Sorbitol

                              

• As a bio-product, isosorbide is derived from glucosed via sorbitil by a double enzyme catalysed dehydration.
• The biobased chemicals generally refers to large scale industrial chemicals that can be produced from processing (biorefining) renewable (plant-based) sources of  hydrocarbons.There is a wide range of existing biobased chemicals that include the oleochemical industry as well as specific products such as citric acid, sorbitol, ethanol, lactic acid and 1,3 propane diol.
• The basic building blocks of petroleum-based chemicals can be produced indirectly from the synthetic gas of biomass gasification or its fermentation products, such as ethanol sorbitol, methanol and succinic acid.

Gigamethanol technology

• German firm GigaMethanol BV along with Mozambican company Incitec Group have proposed to build a US$3.5 billion gas-to-liquids (GTL) plant in Inhambane, Mozambique.
• The project was announced in Munich as part of a presentation to the Mozambican Prime Minister, Aires Ali.
• Under the proposal, the companies would utilize gas from the Pande and Temane fields to produce 3.5 million tonnes per year (Mt/y) of methanol.
• Of that amount, 2.5 Mt/y would be exported, 0.5 Mt/y would be transformed into gasoline and the remaining 0.5 Mt/y would be used as raw material for solvent, adhesive, glue and plastics production.

Elicitor

• Elicitor induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism was investigated in suspension-cultured cells of the fast-growing poplar hybrid (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray × Populism deltoides Marsh) H11-11. Treatment of cells with polygalacturonic acid lyase or two fungal elicitors resulted in rapid and transient increases in extractable l-phenylalanine ammonia lyase and coumarate:coenzyme  ligase enzyme activities.
• The substrate specificity of the inducible coumarate:coenzyme A ligase enzyme activity appeared to differ from substrate specificity of coumarate:coenzyme a ligase enzyme activity in untreated control cells.
• Large and transient increases in the accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyasecoumarate: coenzyme A ligase mRNAs preceded the increases in enzyme activities and were detectable by 30 minutes after the start of elicitor treatment

Elicitor

Diene elastomers

• An elastomer is a cross-linked, non-crystalline polymer above its glass transition temperature. 
• Elastomers may fall into any one of four categories: diene elastomers, saturated elastomers, thermoplastics elastomers or inorganic elastomers. 
• Diene elastomers have structures based on the molecules butadiene, isoprene and/or their derivatives or copolymers.

Cofacial Polymers

• Cofacial polymers are Metallophthalocyanine polymers ([M(Pc)O]n) where M=Si,Ge or Sn then Pc=Phthalocyanine, Silicon (germanium) oxo hemiporphyrazine polymers([M(hp)O]n).
• The solubility of the lewis acid complexes of metallophthalocyanines and pi-conjugated polymers in a common organic solvent has allowed us to prepare well-defined supramolecular materials which combine the electroactive and photoactive porperties of both components. The resulting composites have excellent optical transparency and enhanced photoconductivity.
• Major applications of these types of polymers are electrical conductors, semiconductors and materials with photoptical properties.

Bio-based ethylene

• Ethylene is one of the most important platform chemicals in use today which is produced from petrochemical feedstock.
• Bio-ethylene made from bio-ethanol (from biomass) represents a chemically identical alternative to ethylene.
• Compared to the petrochemical equivalent, the main advantages of bioethylene are that it can reduce greenhouse gas lifetime emissions (from both production and use) and the dependence of the chemical industry on fossil-fuels.

Bio-Based Farnesene

Bio-Based Farnesene

• Farnesene is a 15 Carbon Isoprenoid Which Could Be used as a Diesel Fuel Or a Speciality Chemical
• Farnesene can be used in the manufacturing of a variety of applications such as lubricants, polymer additives, additives to cosmetic products, flavor and fragrances. 
• Amyris’ process for renewable diesel production uses farnesene as a feedstock. There is also research and development underway to use farnesene in polymers. 
• Isoprene is found in products ranging From Surgical Gloves To Car Tyres
• Isoprene has a Market Value Of $1-2 Billion

Bio-based Propylene

                             

• Biopropylene is a patented cereplast resin that contains polyporpylene , starch  and a blend of selective plasticizers to facilitate starch processing. It is made via reactive twin-screw extrusion process. It has two-phase morphology.
• To make Biopropylene, Cereplast compounds traditional oil-based polypropylene with bio-based materials such as starches from corn, tapioca, wheat and potatoes.
• The Californian - based company Cereplast claims that its biopropylene resin is an industry  and could replace traditional polypropylene in the vast majority of applications. 

Phytoanticipins

Phytoanticipins

• Preformed antimicrobial compounds are called phytoanticipins
• Fruits contain secondary metabolites with antifungal properties, called phytoanticipins.
• Phytoanticipins are unique as they are preformed, rather than being synthesized from remote precursors after pathogen infection (phytoalexins)
• Phytoanticipins serve both structural and metabolic functions in disease resistance
• Phytoanticipins seem adequate for therapeutic use.
• Phytoanticipins are preformed antifungal secondary metabolites present in the healthy plants. For example, glucosinolates are stored in vacuoles

Ethylene copolymers

• Ethylene can be copolymerized with a number of other compounds.
• Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), for instance, is produced by the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate under pressure, using free-radical catalysts.
• Many different grades are manufactured, with the vinyl acetate content varying from 5 to 50 percent by weight.
• Ethylene Copolymer based hot-melt are widely used in packaging, for various applications including cartons and folding boxes, deep-freeze packages or bottle labelling.

Bio-Based Acrylic Acid

Bio-Based Acrylic Acid

• Dow Chemical Company and OPX Biotechnologies (OPXBIO) announced a collaboration to develop an industrial scale process for the production of bio-based acrylic acid using fermentable sugar (corn and cane sugar) feedstock with equal performance qualities as petroleum-based acrylic acid.
• The petroleum-based acrylic acid market is $8 billion and growing 3 per cent to 4 per cent pr year. If collaborative research is successful, the companies will commercialization opportunities that could bring bio-based acrylic acid to market in three to five years.
• Myriant is aggressively advancing our pipeline and diversifying our product offering of bio-based chemicals,” said Cenan Ozmeral, Chief Operating Officer at Myriant.
• “Bio-acrylic acid, like our first two products, is an important chemical building-block monomer and demand exists for affordable, high-performing drop in bio-acrylic acid for existing large market applications.